Extracellular Matrix Adjuvant for Vaccines
نویسندگان
چکیده
In 1796, Edward Jenner first used the term, “vaccination,” to describe his studies which used poxvirus derived from lesions in cows to protect humans against infection with smallpox (Barquet & Domingo, 1997). Later, Louis Pasteur demonstrated that animals and people could be protected against disease when administered microbes that had been attenuated to reduce pathogenicity. From this early work, it became evident that stimulation of the immune system by exposure to specific antigens associated with pathogens could lead to a response that would protect individuals from infection and, of paramount importance, disease associated with infection. Since the times of Jenner and Pasteur, vaccination has proved over time to be one of the most cost-effective means to control infectious disease (Kaufmann, 2007). For example, in humans smallpox has been eradicated, and the incidence of polio has been greatly reduced; and in cattle, rinderpest has been eradicated (Kieny & Girard, 2005; Normile, 2008). Indeed, stimulation of the immune system by vaccination has proved to be a cornerstone of preventive medical strategies for several decades in both human and veterinary medicine. The targets within a vaccine, and against which the immune response is directed, are referred to as “antigens.” Often, antigens consist of proteins, though some vaccines utilize polysaccharides, nucleic acids, toxoids, peptides, and inactivated whole or fractions of microorganisms or cells as antigens (Liljeqvist & Ståhl, 1999). Great effort has been given to identification and production of purified recombinant protein subunit vaccines as a way to drive the immune system to target specific antigens key to the colonization, survival, and pathogenesis of infectious agents. Similar work has recently extended to the use of vaccination as an approach to cancer treatment, with vaccines based upon antigens ranging from recombinant subunit proteins to whole, inactivated cancer cells being evaluated in preclinical models and, in some cases, clinical trials (Buonaguro et al., 2011; Melenhorst & Barrett, 2011). In spite of significant progress in identification and production of vaccine antigens, many antigens stimulate only a weak immune response insufficient to offer protection to the patient.
منابع مشابه
The extracellular matrix protein mindin as a novel adjuvant elicits stronger immune responses for rBAG1, rSRS4 and rSRS9 antigens of Toxoplasma gondiiin BALB/c mice
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تاریخ انتشار 2012